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The spot where this lost me a tad is when you introduced a_hat_dagger. An explanation of that meant would have been helpful. I was thinking of them as separate (dagger == jump up a state, hat == jump down a state). But it wasn’t explained exactly what it means for the a vector to have both symbols so I was left to guess. Any help with what they mean?

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Oh, sure! I'll add a clarification table.

hat = is a matrix, distinct from a vector or a number.

dagger = complex conjugate + transpose of matrix or vector.

hat{a} = jump down a state. hat{a}^dagger = jump up a state.

It's a nice property of the ladder operators that the creation operator is the complex transpose of the annihilation operator.

Does that help?

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